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Cardinal positions of gaze
The “cardinal positions” are six positions of gaze which allow comparisons of
the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal ocular movements produced by the six extraocular
muscles. These are the six cardinal positions:
- up/right
- right
- down/right
- down/left
- left
- up/left
In each position of gaze, one muscle of each eye is the primary mover of that eye and
is yoked to the primary mover of the other eye. Below, each of the six cardinal
positions of gaze is shown, along with upward gaze, downward gaze, and convergence:
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